Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depressive Symptoms Among Post-Partum Mothers in Dhanusha District of Nepal
Purna Laxmi Maharjan, Shilpa Lamichhane, Purna Devi Shrestha, Jennifer Mathias, Koshish Raj Gautam, Sanjeev Kumar Shah
Sleep and Hypnosis: A Journal of Clinical Neuroscience and Psychopathology 2019;21(1):60-68
Post-partum depression is a common complication in women after childbirth. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with depressive symptoms among post-partum mothers attending Gynecological/ Obstetric ward in Janaki Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Dhanusha, Nepal. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 330 post-partum mothers after delivery to 12 weeks using systematic random sampling. Mothers were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to screen for depressive symptoms. Chi-square test analysis was used to determine the association of post-partum depressive symptoms with sociodemographic, obstetric and psychosocial factors. The prevalence of post-partum depressive symptoms among mothers was 15.2%. The factors significantly associated with post-natal depression were ethnicity, age at marriage, number of children, sex of the baby, planned or unplanned pregnancy, infant health problems, family history of depression, unhappy with in-laws, absence of husband during pregnancy, smoking habit of husband and drinking habit of the husband. About one-fifth of postpartum mothers have depressive symptoms. Obstetric and psychosocial factors were more associated with occurrence of PPD symptoms.
REFERENCES
Clarke, K., Saville, N., Shrestha, B., Costello, A., King, M., Manandhar, D., … Prost, A. (2014). Predictors of psychological distress among postnatal mothers in rural Nepal: A cross-sectional community-based study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 156, 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.018
Deng, A.-W., Xiong, R.-B., Jiang, T.-T., Luo, Y.-P., & Chen, W.-Z. (2014). Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in a population-based sample of women in Tangxia Community, Guangzhou. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 7(3), 244–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60030-4
Dørheim Ho-Yen, S., Tschudi Bondevik, G., Eberhard-Gran, M., & Bjorvatn, B. (2006). The prevalence of depressive symptoms in the postnatal period in Lalitpur district, Nepal. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 85(10), 1186–1192. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016340600753158
Epperson, C. N. (1999, April 15). Postpartum Major Depression: Detection and Treatment. American Family Physician, (59(8)), 2247–2254.
Giri, R. K., Khatri, R. B., Mishra, S. R., Khanal, V., Sharma, V. D., & Gartoula, R. P. (2015). Prevalence and factors associated with depressive symptoms among post-partum mothers in Nepal. BMC Research Notes, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1074-3
Grace, S. L., Evindar, A., & Stewart, D. E. (2003). The effect of postpartum depression on child cognitive development and behavior: A review and critical analysis of the literature. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 6(4), 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-003-0024-6
Kunwar, D., Corey, E., Sharma, P., & Risal, A. (2015). Screening for Postpartum Depression and Associated Factors among Women who Deliver at a University Hospital, Nepal. Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 13(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v13i1.13752
Lanes, A., Kuk, J. L., & Tamim, H. (2011). Prevalence and characteristics of Postpartum Depression symptomatology among Canadian women: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-302
Luitel, N. P., Jordans, M., Adhikari, A., Upadhaya, N., Hanlon, C., Lund, C., & Komproe, I. H. (2015). Mental health care in Nepal: current situation and challenges for development of a district mental health care plan. Conflict and Health, 9(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-014-0030-5
Murray, L., Dunne, M. P., Van Vo, T., Anh, P. N. T., Khawaja, N. G., & Cao, T. N. (2015). Postnatal depressive symptoms amongst women in Central Vietnam: a cross-sectional study investigating prevalence and associations with social, cultural and infant factors. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0662-5
O’hara, M. W., & Swain, A. M. (1996). Rates and risk of postpartum depression—a meta-analysis. International Review of Psychiatry, 8(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.3109/ 09540269609037816
Patel, V., & Prince, M. (2010). Global Mental Health: A New Global Health Field Comes of Age. JAMA, 303(19), 1976. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.616
Regmi, S., Sligl, W., Carter, D., Grut, W., & Seear, M. (2002). A controlled study of postpartum depression among Nepalese women: validation of the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale in Kathmandu. Tropical Medicine & International Health: TM & IH, 7(4), 378–382.
Sabba, N. R. (2013). Post Partum Depression among Rajbansi Women in Nepal. Researcher: A Research Journal of Culture and Society, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.3126/researcher.v1i1.8374
Shah, S. K., Shetty, S. K., Singh, D. R., Mathias, J., Upadhaya, A., & Pandit, R. (2016). Prevalence of Undernutrition among Musahar Children Aged Between 12 To 59 Months in Urban Siraha District, Nepal. MOJ Public Health, 4(5). https://doi.org/ 10.15406/mojph.2016.04.00093
Shrestha, N., Hazrah, P., & Sagar, R. (2015). Incidence and prevalence of postpartum depression in a rural community of India. Journal of Chitwan Medical College, 5(2), 11. https://doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v5i2.13149
Suguna, A., Naveen, R., & Surekha, A. (2015). Postnatal Depression Among Women Attending A Rural Maternity Hospital In South India. National Journal of Community Medicine, 6(2), 297–301.
Upadhayay, A., Shah, S. K., Thapa, D. K., T.s, S., Ghimire, R., & Dahal, H. R. (2017). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Family Planning Method Among Married Women of Reproductive Age Group in Earth Quake Displaced Population of Sindupalchok Disrtict, Nepal. American Journal of Public Health Research, American Journal of Public Health Research, 5(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajphr-5-1-1
Yip, S.-K., Chung, T. K.-H., & Lee, T.-S. (1997). Suicide and maternal mortality in Hong Kong. The Lancet, 350(9084), 1103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70466-9
Zainal, N. Z., Kaka, A. S., Ng, C. G., Jawan, R., & Singh Gill, J. (2012). Prevalence of postpartum depression in a hospital setting among Malaysian mothers: Postpartum depression in Malaysia. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 4(2), 144–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1758-5872.2011.00173.x