War Experiences, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Sleep Disorders: Clinical Effectiveness of Treatment by Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts (TRPPT) of Mental-War Disorders in Syrian Refugees Children and Adolescents War Victims - A New Therapeutic Trial
Amani Kubitary, Muaweah Ahmad Alsaleh
Sleep and Hypnosis: A Journal of Clinical Neuroscience and Psychopathology 2018;20(3):210-226
Background: War contributes to sleep disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder by war experiences. Theses mental and psychological troubles are a common symptom in children and adolescents during Wartime.
Aim: The objective of this study was the first to evaluate the effects of the method of Therapy by Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts (TRPPT) and Cognitive and Positive psychotherapy (CPPT) training during Wartime among children and adolescents in Syria. This study attempted to treat the evils of wars, which cause deep wounds and psychological scares because of their horrors.
Method: The sample consisted of 41 Syrian children and adolescents, aged 13 to 17 years. Results: 41 Syrian children and adolescents (experimental group) who benefited from TRPPT have the decreasingon Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Sleep Disorders (SD) and remember of War Experiences (WE). The results showed a significant decrease in PTSD in throughout the Therapy (p<0.05) and a significant reduction in SD following the TRPPT protocol (p<0.001), and also less Negative War Experiences (p<0.01).
Conclusions: States of mind and psychologic were improved after the TRPPT. Treatment by repeating phrases positive thoughts will be significant among children and adolescents refugees subjected to war or no. Cognitive and positive psychotherapy based on TRPPT have an impact positive on evils of wars, which cause Posttraumatic stress disorder, Sleep Disorders and Negatives War Experiences. There is a dose effect: the higher the level of activity of the CPPT and TRPPT, the lower the psychiatric disorder, and the better of the health.
Keywords:
wartime, peacetime, behavioral and cognitive psychotherapy, cognitive psychology, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, positive psychology, research, practice, cognitive activity, Syria
REFERENCES
Acarturk, C., Konuk, E., Cetinkaya, M., Senay, I., Sijbrandij, M., Cuijpers, P., & Aker, T. (2015). EMDR for Syrian refugees with post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms: results of a pilot randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6, 27414.
AL-Balhan, E. (2006). The Children’s Depression Inventory as a reliable measure for post-Iraqi invasion Kuwaiti youth. The journal of social behavior and personality, 34 (2): 351-366.
Alsaleh, M. (2016a). Therapy mental and psychological troubles (MPSYT) by Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts (TRPPT) with Women.Intercultural Comparison: Middle East and Europe, war and peace.A controlled and randomized study-Cognitive therapy & Positive psychotherapy.Journal of Psychology and Cognition; 1 (1): 70-80.
Alsaleh, M. (2016b). Analyse psychosociale et cognitive de la santé mentale chez les étudiants de première année: - Validation du questionnaire des pensées positives et négatives et du questionnaire de la dépression de Beck; - Effet des pensées positives et des facteurs psychosociaux. Thèse- Ecole Doctorale 556-CERReV; Laboratoire du CERReV (EA 3918), Université de Caen Normandie.
Alsaleh, M., & Ventura, A. (2016). Validation des questionnaires d’évaluation en psychologie: comment apprécier correctement leurs qualités psychométriques et métrologiques?Éditions universitaires européennes.
Alsaleh, M., & Kubitary, A. (2016a). Treatment by Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts (TRPPT): A new effective treatment tool against psychological troubles (PSYT) in multiple sclerosis patients and students, a controlled and randomized pilot study.Journal of Psychology and Cognition; 1 (1): 57-63.
Alsaleh, M., & Kubitary, A. (2016b). New Frontiers in the Treatment of Mental-war Disorders and Posttraumatic Disorder by Repeating Phrases of Positive Thoughts (TRPPT) of Syrian refugees Populations War Victims: Results of a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Biomedical Sciences, 6:1.
Alsaleh, M., &Kubitary, A. (2016c). Validation of the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ-18-MS-Ar) Among Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Journal of Psychology and Cognition; 1 (1): 64-69.
Alsaleh, M., & Kubitary, A. (2017). Verdicts of Water DropsTRPPT on brain and life New Frontiers in NeuroCognitive Positive Psychotherapy in War and Peace, Normal-Abnormal-Medical-non-Medical Conditions. Éditions universitaires européennes.
Alsaleh, M., Lebreuilly, R., Lebreuilly, J., &Tostain, M. (2015). Cognitive Balance: States-of-Mind Model and Mental Health among French Students. Best Practices in Mental Health: An International Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1, 42-53.
Alsaleh, M., Lebreuilly, R., Lebreuilly, J., &Tostain, M. (2017). La puissance des Répétitions des Phrases des Pensées Positives (RPPP): Un outil efficace de traitement contre les troubles psychologiques (dépression, anxiété et stress): Une étude pilote contrôlée et randomisée. Annales Medico-psychologiques. In presse.
AL-Shagran, H., Khasawneh, O. M., Ahmed, A. K., & Jarrah, A. M. (2015). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder of Syrian Refugees in Jordan.International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 3 (3), 36-48.
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2012). MRI scans show how sleep loss affects the ability to choose proper foods. ScienceDaily.
.
Ammar, N. H. (2006). Beyond the Shadows: Domestic Spousal violence in a -democratizing-Egypt Trauma. Violence and Abuse Journal, 7, 244–259.
Arenaza-Urquijo, E.M., de Flores, R., Gonneaud, J., Wirth, M., Ourry, V., Callewaert, W., Landeau, B., Egret, S., Mézenge, F., Desgranges, B., & Chételat, G. (2016). Distinct effects of late adulthood cognitive and physical activities on gray matter volume. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 11 (2), 346-356.
Baddoura, C., & Merhi, M. (2015). PTSD among Children and Adolescents in the Arab World. The Arab Journal of Psychiatry, 26, 2, 129 -136.
Belhsini, W. (2011). Effet d’un programme cognitif et comportemental dans le traitement de la phobie sociale sur un échantillon d’étudiants de l’université. Thèse, Université KasdiMerbahOuargla.
Berthold, S. M. (2000). War Traumas and Community Violence: Psychological, Behavioral, and Academic Outcomes among Khmer Refugee Adolescents. Journal of adolescent and violence, 4 (3): 15-46.
Brown, E., Pearlman, M., & Goodman, R. (2004). Facing Fears and Sadness: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Childhood Traumatic Grief. Harvard Review Psychiatry, 2(12):187-198.
Cohen, A. J. (2005). Treating Traumatized Children: Current Status and Future Directions. Acute Reactions to Trauma and Psychotherapy, 2 (5): 545-551.
Cohen, A., and Mannarino, P. (2008). Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Parents. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 13(4):158-162.
Cohen, J. A., and Mannarino, A. P. (1998). Interventions for sexually abused children: Initial treatment findings. Child Maltreatment, 3, 17-26.
Creative Organizational Design. (2017). Davidson Trauma Scale-Quickly and accurately measure Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Creative Organizational Design, Inc. http://www.creativeorgdesign.com/tests_page.php?id=458
Damra, J.K., & Nassar, Y. H. (2014). The Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Trauma Focused Therapy Model on Sample of War Children’s Depression Symptomatology. Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Hashemite University, Jordan.
Davidson, J. R. T., Book, S. W., Colket, J. T., Tupler, L. A., Roth, S., David, D., Hertzberg, M., Mellman, T., Beckham, J. C., Smith, R., Davison, R. M., Katz, R., &Feldman, M. (1997). Assessment of a new self-rating scale for post-traumatic stress disorder.Psychological Medicine, 27, 153-160.
Davidson, J. R. T., Book, S. W.,&Colket, J. T. (1995). Davidson Self-Rating PTSD Scale. Available from Multi-Health Systems, Inc., 908 Niagara Falls Boulevard, North Tonawanda, NY 14120.
Davidson, J.R.T., Tharwani, H. M., &Connor, K. M. (2002). Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS): Normative scores in the general population and effect sizes in placebo-controlled SSRI trials. Depression and Anxiety, 15, 75-78.
deRoos, C., Greenwald, R., den Hollander-Gijsman, M., Noorthoorn, E., van Buuren, S., & de Jongh, A. (2011). A randomised comparison of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) in disaster-exposed children.European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2: 5694.
Dhamrah, J., & Abueita, S. (2014). The Effect of Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Music Therapy on decreasing the Posttraumatic Stress Symptomatology among a Sample of War Children. Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Sciences Education, Hashemite University, Jordan.
Eskin, M., Ertekin, K., & Demir, H. (2008). Efficacy of a Problem-Solving Therapy for Depression and Suicide Potential in Adolescents and Young Adults. Cognitive Therapy Researches, 32(1): 227-245.
Feather.S., & Ronan.R. (2009). Trauma-Focused CBT with maltreated children: A clinic-based evaluation of a new treatment manual. Australian Psychologist, 44, (3), 174-194.
Goldstein, A.N., Greer, S.M., Saletin, J.M., Harvey, A.G., Nitschke, J.B., & M.P. Walker. (2013). Tired and Apprehensive: Anxiety Amplifies the Impact of Sleep Loss on Aversive Brain Anticipation. Journal of Neuroscience, 33 (26) 10607-10615.
Guéguen, N. (2009). L’importance d’un effet: Méthodologie Simple De Détermination Et D’évaluation De « L’effect Size ». European Journal of Scientific Research. 38(1), 20-25.
Hasanovic, M. (2012). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Bosnian Internally Displaced and Refugee Adolescents from Three Different Regions after the 1992-1995 War in Bosnia and Herzegovina,” Paediatrics Today 8, no. 1,22–31.
Hase, M., Balmaceda, U.M., Hase, A., Lehnung, M., Tumani, V., Huchzermeier, C., & Hofmann, A. (2015). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in the treatment of depression: a matched pairs study in an inpatient setting. Brain and Behavior, 5(6), e00342.
Henley, J., & Robinson, J. (2011). Mental health issues among refugee children and adolescents. Clinical Psychologist 15, no. 2, 51-62.
Hunter, J. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2003). The Positive Psychology of Interested Adolescents.Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32, 1, 27-35.
Khadhim, A.M. (2014). Measuring Sleep Disorders in the Students of the Preparatory Stage.University of Babylon, Journal of the Faculty of Basic Education, 15.
Kirkegaard-Weston, E. (2005). Positive Thinking: Toward a Conceptual Model and Organizational Implications.Honors College Theses. Pace University.http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/honorscollege_theses/15
Koseki, S., Noda, T., Yokoyama, S., Kunisato, Y., Ito, D., Suyama, H., Matsuda, T., Sugimura, Y., Ishihara, N., Shimizu, Y., Nakazawa, K., Yoshida, S., Arima, K.,& Suzuki, S. (2013). The relationship between positive and negative automatic thought and activity in the prefrontal and temporal cortices: A multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) study.Journal of Affective Disorders, 151, 352–359.
Kubitary A., Alomer, M., &Alsaleh, M.A. (2017). Validity of the Arabic version of Beck Depression inventory-Fast Screen (BDI-FS-Ar) in war: The psychometric properties in medical and non-medical Syrian populations. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=62627
Kubitary, A., & Alsaleh, M. (2017). Validity of the Arabian version of the Quick Inventory of Depression-Two questions (QID-2-Ar) in patients with multiple sclerosis.Screening and multiple sclerosis in Arabian environment-War conditions in Syria.Revue neurologique, in presse.
MHS (MULTI-HEALTH SYSTEMS). (2017). DTS™ (Davidson Trauma Scale) - Jonathan Davidson, Psychological Assessments and Service. (MULTI-HEALTH SYSTEMS. https://ecomx.mhs.com/(S(li4jwwfxoq0p2j55l4fdq355))/product.aspx?gr=cli&prod=dts&id=overview#scales
Mohlen, H., Parzer, P., Resch, F., & Brunner, R. (2005). Psychosocial Support for War-Traumatized Child and Adolescent refugees: Evaluation of a short-term treatment program. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39 (3): 81-87.
National Center for PTSD. (2016). Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS), Davidson, 1997. Mental Health Systems.Inc. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs- Washington.https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/adult-sr/dts.asp
Oras, R., De Ezpeleta, S. C., & Ahmad, A. (2004). Treatment of Traumatized Refugee Children, with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in a psychodynamic context.Nord Journal Psychiatry, 58(3): 199-203.
Papageorgiou, V., Frangou-Garunovic, A., Iordanidou, R., Yule, W., Smith, P., & Vostanis, P. (2000). War Trauma and Psychopathology in Bosnian refugee children. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 9 (6): 84-90.
Raider, M. C., Steele, W., Delillo-Storey, M., Jacobs, J., & Kuban, C. (2008).Structured Sensory Therapy (SITCAP-ART) for Traumatized Adjudicated Adolescents in Residential Treatment.Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 25 (2): 167-185.
Ricarte, J. J., Ros, L., & Latorre, J. M. (2015). Mindfulness-Based Intervention in a Rural Primary School: Effects on Attention, Concentration and Mood.International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 8, 1–11.
Sady, R., & Badr, E. (2015). The level of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Field Study on a sample of the sons martyrs in adolescence in area of Jablah. Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Arts and Humanities Series, 37,5. 265- 280
Samuels-Dennis, J.A., Ford-Gilboe, M., & Ray, S. (2011). Single Mother’s Adverse and Traumatic Experiences and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms. Journal of Family Violence-Nursing Publications, Western University, 26,1, 9-20.
Sirin, S. R., & Rogers-Sirin, L. (2015). The Educational and Mental Health Needs of Syrian Refugee Children. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.
Skelly, A.C., Dettori, J. R., & Brodt, E. D. (2012). Assessing bias: the importance of considering confounding. Evidence-Based Spine-Care Journal, 3 (1), 9—12.
Thabet, A.A. M., Abed, Y., & Vostanis, P. (2004). Comorbidity of PTSD and Depression among Refugee Children during War Conflict,” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45, no. 3, 533–42.
Thomas, K.S., Baier, R., Kosar, C., Ogarek, J., Trepman, A., & Mor, V. (2017). Individualized Music Program is Associated with Improved Outcomes for U.S. Nursing Home Residents with Dementia. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, In Press.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2004). Statistical yearbook. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).(2013a). Displacement. The new 21st century challenge global trends 2012. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations.
Vernberg, E. (2002). Intervention approaches following disasters. In A. M. LaGreca, W. K. Silverman, E. M. Vernberg, and M. C. Roberts (Eds), Helping children Cope with disasters and terrorism (P.55-72). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Zauszniewski, J. A., Bekhet, A.K., & Jane Suresky, M. (2009). Effects on Resilience of Women Family Caregivers of Adults With Serious Mental Illness: The Role of Positive Cognitions. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 23, 6, 412–422.